WASH needs assessment in refugee emergencies

An initial rapid WASH assessment should be carried out within the first three days of any refugee emergency / start of an emergency, to identify needs and resources. It should estimate the number of people affected, quantify immediate needs, the availability of local resources, and the need for external resources. 
 
Depending on the scale of the emergency and the time and resources available, this exercise should be completed in a maximum of one day. Following the rapid WASH needs assessment, needs should be prioritized into those that are lifesaving and must be met on an emergency basis and those that need a medium or longer term approach. 
 
The assessment should be coordinated and supervised by an experienced WASH officer. Assessing the water resources and soil conditions requires expertise in, water engineering, sanitation, hygiene, and in some cases environment as it involves identifying various options for supply system development on the basis of local physical features, topography and overall environment of the camp site. A joint assessment with site planning is recommended in order to integrate WASH/site planning intervention approach and agree on technical findings (i.e. flooded prone areas, drainage, and sanitation). 
 
Objectives of an initial rapid WASH assessment  

• To identify available water sources (yield estimation, flow, seasonal variations, recharge, taboos, water quality and potential pollution risks) and soil conditions in the affected area (primary data collection) 
• To assess ground conditions and environmental factors (e.g. presence of rocky ground, high ground water table, etc) which may affect decisions on appropriate sanitation options. 
• To assess key hygiene practices in terms of water needs and sanitation habits (secondary data, key informants) 

• To identify cultural habits among the refugee population that might affect their hygiene / sanitation preferences, for example , sitting or squatting and - whether they would practice anal cleansing with water or with dry material (secondary data, key informants) 
• To identify specific vulnerabilities, for example disabilities and people with specific diseases to tailor WASH services accordingly (secondary data, key informants). 
• To assess national and local capacity to lead or support the response (key informants, observation). 

Methodology 

Information should be collected by carrying out the following activities: 

• Key informant interview(s) 
• Focus group discussion(s) 
• Observation walk(s) 
• Assessment of existing WASH infrastructure conditions 
• Assessment of existing WASH management arrangements 

During the assessment information should be collected from as many different gender, diversity-and age balanced sources as possible, and the information should be triangulated. 
Relevant secondary data is often available and can be complemented by interviewing key informants. Key sources of secondary data include: 

• Water/Energy/Environmental Ministries & Local Authorities 
• Global satellite images providers (UNITAR/UNOSAT) 
• UNHCR's databases and reports 
• Other UN agencies, notably UN-Habitat and UNICEF 
• NGOs that work in the area 
• Key informants working in the above areas 
• Knowledgeable refugees & host villagers 
• The UNHCR borehole database 

 
A typical checklist of secondary data to be retrieved when carrying out initial rapid WASH assessments would include: 

• Procurement and studying of local maps, aerial photos, satellite imagery etc. to determine topography, geological context, hydrogeological features and water sources 
• Consolidation of regional details on land use (urban, industrial, agricultural, protected areas), climate, security, access roads, etc. 
• Details of main actors and agencies working in the area and local government structures and policy 
• Current typical water consumption and sanitation practices in the area 
• Logistics and supply possibilities in the area (including availability of local building material) 
• Legal issues in the area as well as ownership rights etc. 
• Costs and operations and maintenance requirements and opportunities in the area 

Additional examples and considerations can also be found in the chapter "Assessment" of the UNHCR WASH manual. 

Assessment of existing WASH infrastructure conditions 

Calculate the water requirement based on the designed planned population size of the site and organize an immediate assessment of water supply possibilities; the calculation should be based on a total of 20 litres per person per day (excluding leakage) and must also include the communal building needs. 
 
Assessment of the condition and service ability of existing toilet infrastructure is an essential part of any needs assessment especially in contexts where there is insufficient or aging infrastructure (for example in urban areas). In some contexts, the assessment of existing sanitary infrastructure will be minimal, especially if toilet infrastructure has not yet been constructed (e.g. new refugee camps). 
When assessing existing waste management infrastructure, it is essential to describe how each separate waste stream is treated, starting at the point of waste creation and moving through each stage in the process (including collection, storage, handling, and processing) until final disposal or reuse. At each step, the key characteristics and condition of the infrastructure and resources (including any transportation and labour) should be noted, along with risks to public health, and corrective actions to bring the system back into serviceability. Some large-scale waste infrastructure can be complex to assess and may require specialized expertise. 

Presentation of results 

The findings of the initial rapid WASH assessment should be reported using the approach in Rapid Methods for Assessing WASH services in Emergency Settings – and should be systematically filed to ensure that such data will be available for future reference.